The first research question was: How can bicycle culture be conceptualized? The resulting answer to this question –a compicated model- is related to two cases: How can bicycle culture in Portland and Amsterdam be described and understood? An important assumption in this study, is that a bicycle culture cannot be addressed as a static phenomenon, but is historically shaped. This results in the third research question: How have historical pathways shaped the bicycle culture in Portland and Amsterdam? To what extend is cycling and is the cycling culture (1) a habit, (2) a lifestyle or (3) a counter culture? In Amsterdam, it surely is merely a habit. In Portland, you can see aspects of cicyling as a counter culture, opposed to the car-society.